Hyperventilation 5 Vostfr- -

¹ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital, City, Country ² Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital, City, Country ³ Institute of Clinical Physiology, University of Science, City, Country

To validate the 5 VOSTFR‑ model in a prospective cohort of adult patients presenting with acute hyperventilation and to assess the efficacy of a targeted, axis‑specific therapeutic algorithm. Hyperventilation 5 VOSTFR-

The Hyperventilation 5 VOSTFR‑ model provides a robust, physiologically grounded classification that enables rapid, targeted therapy, markedly shortening the time to biochemical and clinical recovery. Implementation in emergency settings may improve patient outcomes and reduce resource utilization. Primary outcome: time to normalization of arterial PaCO₂

A multicenter, observational–interventional study was conducted across three tertiary hospitals (n = 312). Patients were stratified using the VOSTFR‑ scoring system (0‑20 points) based on bedside physiological measurements and validated questionnaires. Axis‑specific interventions (e.g., controlled rebreathing for “Ventilatory,” beta‑blockade for “Sympathetic,” evaporative cooling for “Thermoregulatory”) were administered to a randomized sub‑cohort (n = 156). Primary outcome: time to normalization of arterial PaCO₂ (35–45 mmHg). Secondary outcomes: symptom resolution, length of emergency department (ED) stay, and adverse events. length of emergency department (ED) stay

Each axis can be scored (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) yielding a composite (0–15). The suffix “‑” denotes the presence of a dominant axis (the one with the highest individual score) that guides therapeutic priority.

The framework proposes a five‑axis model: